آرشیو اسفند ماه 1400

Scabies is the deformity of plant organs due to pest feeding, pistachio shell and this type of mite causes severe deformation of leaves, spikes and even tree branches and reduces yields.

 

Pistachio mite pests

 

Morphology

 

Ticks of the Eroiphidae family generally have very small limbs of 100 to 200 microns with a soft, worm-shaped body, ring-shaped and slender at the end, and have two pairs of short legs at the front end of the body. These mites are yellow to light brown in color, without eyes, without visible respiratory system, with a short snout along the longitudinal axis of the body, the snout of this species is suitable for piercing its host tissue.

 

Eroiphidae

Pistachio mite Eroiphidae

 

 

Common pistachio mite (Tenuipalpus granati)

 

Babies of these mites feed on the tail of clusters and petioles, causing blackening and shedding of some fruits, and if their population increases, they also cause shedding of leaves.

 

Tenuipalpidae

Tenuipalpidae

Morphology

 

Members of the family Tenuipalpidae are generally small, 2 to 3 mm long with a flat, pear-shaped, soft body, red, green, and yellowish green. This species has relatively short legs.

 

Damage:

 

This family of mites are similar to tartar mites and feed on the sap of the leaves of host plants. These mites are called false spider mites because they do not have a web.

 

Fight against pistachio mites

 

To fight against Galza mites when more than half of the flowers of pistachio material are open, and for ordinary pistachio mites in August and September, you can spray with one of the following:

 

Sulfur and tablet in the ratio of 2 to 3 per thousand

Neurons at a ratio of 2 per thousand

Biofertilizer foliar application 10 per thousand

Correlation between pistachio pistachio shell problems and pistachio sales

There is a correlation between the problems of pistachio and its sales within this correlation can be viewed from two perspectives:

 

There is no correlation: it can be stated that, unfortunately, in the domestic market of Iran, the quality of roasted pistachios and its toxins are not measured and all pistachio cultivars, from small to large, are consumed and the customer is accustomed to consuming high quality pistachios. Therefore, there is no correlation between the problems of pistachio production and its sales in the country.

There is a correlation: because we look at this problem from a macro perspective, we can feel the correlation. Our pistachio products that are exported to many countries. It is also exported in bulk, if it is approved by the exporting country, it will be purchased. Otherwise it will be sent back. And generally our high quality pistachios are bought by European and American countries.

After that, the returned pistachios are sent to Central Asian countries and then to Africa, and if it is not confirmed again, it is returned to Iran and enters the domestic markets of Iran. As a result, the market faces an oversupply and therefore may It can be said that due to the problem of pistachio production, the supply inside Iran increases and causes the supply and demand chart to be disrupted.

Iran's pistachio and dried fruit exports have not been better pistachio shell on the Russian-Iranian border. Pursuant to Article 4 of the Trade and Customs Agreement, which was concluded between Russia and Iran on February 23, 1828 (March 25, 1207) in pursuance of the infamous Turkmen Chai Treaty, customs duties were set at 5% of the price, resulting in the conclusion of this treaty. And the treaty between Iran and Britain in 1841 lost Iran's customs independence.

 

On October 27, 1902, a customs declaration was signed between Iran and Russia, which increased Russian customs duties on Iranian exports. But customs duties on goods imported from Russia were greatly reduced.

 

Analyzing the agricultural, economic, and foreign trade situation in Iran in 1906, Dr. Wishard, an American physician, writes in his report entitled Twenty Years in Iran: "No one can claim that Americans are greedy for trade with Iran. Russia's $ 16,714,716, Great Britain's $ 69,389,109, India's $ 3586,372, France's $ 1682418, Austria's $ 1137178, Germany $ 573620, China's $ 186 to China $ 13775 It belongs to America.

 

However, the Russians expected more than this, and the Turkmen Treaty did not consider the imposed tea and the customs declaration attached to it sufficient. In 1305 AH, a Russian official wrote, "Non-expansion of Russian trade in Iran. Until now, the Russian administration has not done anything to expand our trade with Iran.

At the national level, Kerman province, with 76.5% of pistachio shell the fertile level of pistachios and 64.5% of the production of this product (based on the latest documented statistics) has the first place in the level and production. In Kerman province (especially Rafsanjan city) more than 300,000 hectares of land are under cultivation of this crop (Ardestani and Moazeni, 1390).

 

Planting pistachio trees is now widespread in various parts of the world. In Asia, in addition to natural growing areas, pistachio trees are grown in Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Cyprus, Lebanon, Palestine, Yemen and China. In Europe, Italy and Greece, in Africa, Tunisia and the Maghreb, and in the United States, in the United States, pistachio trees are grown (Abrishami, 1373).

High-consumption elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), pistachio shell potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg) and sulfur (S), and trace elements include iron (Fa), manganese (respectively). Mn), chlorine (Cl), bar (B), ms (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo). The elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) are also high consumption elements because their initial supply and absorption is mostly done through air, except for the initial division.

 

In some classifications, the elements sodium (Na), cobalt (Co), and silicon (Si) are considered to be rarely necessary elements (elements that are present in small amounts necessary for the growth of some plants) and very small amounts of elements such as iodine. (I), fluorine (F), bromine (Br), aluminum (Al) and selenium (Se) are considered to stimulate plant growth, but say that although they have no role in plant nutrition, but for the health of plant consumers (humans and Animals need to be present in adequate amounts in plants.

 

Nutrients are usually absorbed by water-soluble ions or by diffusion from the soil to the surface of the roots and are absorbed. With enough food, other symptoms may limit the growth of the tree and cause symptoms to be confused with the symptoms of malnutrition. These factors include:

 

Soil dryness or lack of moisture in it

Wounding of tree trunks with mechanical devices

Application of herbicides

Accumulation of some foods under certain conditions

To identify deficiencies in pistachio trees, all conditions must be considered together. Therefore, deficiencies can be identified only by the appearance of signs that the other needs of the tree are fully met.

Nutrition management of pistachio orchard in pistachio shell spring

The beginning of spring coincides with the beginning of pistachio tree growth, the first nutritional step at this stage is to give nitrogen fertilizers by road. The first installment of nitrogen is recommended from the end of March to the end of April. Of course, if the first installment of nitrogen is possible in the second half of April, it is better than the first half of April. The recommended amount of fertilizer at this stage is 200 kg / ha of ammonium sulfate, or 175 to 150 kg / ha of urea for fresh water.

 

Nutrition management of pistachio orchard in spring

 

In orchards where bone marrow spotting has been observed in previous years, spraying calcium chelate with a concentration of 500 to 750 cc per thousand liters of water in the third decade of April is effective to eliminate and reduce the damage of the complication. The best time to start nutrient spraying is May 1st.

 

At this time, the leaf surface is large enough and its permeability is relatively fast and convenient. For foliar application, try fertilizers that combine two or three samples to cover all the tree needs for macro and micro elements.

 

For best results, the first spraying should be repeated at intervals of two to three weeks. In June, before fertilization, it is recommended to apply a second dose of nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 175 kg / ha, ammonium sulfate, or 150 kg of urea for sweet soils. Before brainwashing, foliar application of potassium chelate and urea is effective in preventing burns and osteoporosis.

The drying stage consists of two pistachio shell parts:

 

Peeled pistachios are left in a dryer or rotary dryer cylinder (dryer temperature 82 degrees) for about 3 hours until the moisture content of the pistachio kernel reaches 12 to 13%.

In the next step, the pistachios are transferred to wide-bottomed boxes so that the drying with hot air (below 49 degrees) continues for one to several days until the humidity reaches 5 to 6% (required It should be noted that such dryers are mainly used in the United States.

In orchards where bone marrow spotting has been observed in previous years, pistachio shell spraying calcium chelate with a concentration of 500 to 750 cc per thousand liters of water in the third decade of April is effective to eliminate and reduce the damage of the complication. The best time to start nutrient spraying is May 1st.

 

At this time, the leaf surface is large enough and its permeability is relatively fast and convenient. For foliar application, try fertilizers that combine two or three samples to cover all the tree needs for macro and micro elements.

 

For best results, the first spraying should be repeated at intervals of two to three weeks. In June, before fertilization, it is recommended to apply a second dose of nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 175 kg / ha, ammonium sulfate, or 150 kg of urea for sweet soils. Before brainwashing, foliar application of potassium chelate and urea is effective in preventing burns and osteoporosis.

The role of soil pH in absorbing the required elements pistachio shell of pistachio

Another major factor in nutrient uptake by trees from soil is soil acidity or soil pH. Soil acidity directly affects soil microorganisms as well as the uptake of various nutrients. Soil pH determines which elements are absorbed by the roots and which are not.

 

At low acidity (acidic pH) elements such as zinc, manganese, aluminum, copper and cobalt are highly absorbable and, conversely, at high pH can not be absorbed by plants. This is what has happened in the soil conditions of pistachio orchards in Kerman province and has caused the lack of microelements to be observed in almost all pistachio orchards due to the high pH of the soil.

 

Highly alkaline soils of Kerman province have large amounts of bicarbonate ions, which unfortunately have a negative impact on the growth and development of trees and also interfere with the absorption of other elements needed by pistachio trees.

 

Typically, macronutrients are less absorbed by trees at low pH or less acidic conditions, and conversely, microelements at lower pH or alkaline conditions are less likely to be absorbed by tree roots.

 

Adding lime to improve soil condition in pistachio orchards is a big mistake that unfortunately some farmers do unknowingly because lime raises the pH of the soil drastically and not only does it not improve soil conditions in pistachio-rich areas. Rather, it greatly increases the alkalinity of the soil.

Drying pistachios can be considered as one of the stages of pistachio shell pistachio processing. During this operation, the moisture content of pistachios, which is about 35%, is reduced to less than 5%. Reducing moisture makes pistachios last longer in storage and prevents mold and fungus.

The dried product can be stored under normal conditions for up to a year or more. In fact, we dry the pistachios to increase their shelf life. In fact, all agricultural products are dried in a common process and are similar to each other.