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مرجع رسمي مقالات پسته

Effect of irrigation cycle on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pistachios

علی سلطانی پنجشنبه ۱۴ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۱:۱۳ ۲۵ بازديد
Proper irrigation and nutrition are among the most pistachio shell important issues determining management practices
 
Correct in pistachio orchards. Due to reduced water resources and increased duration
 
During irrigation, pistachio trees are exposed to drought stress
 
Sometimes it reduces yield and increases the percentage of aflatoxins in pistachio orchards.
 
Suitable irrigation cycle in surface irrigation method in spring and autumn 40-30 days and in
 
25 days in summer is recommended. According to research, regular watering
 
It causes a significant reduction in the annual rate. The most sensitive time
 
Irrigation of pistachio tree to produce optimal crop, flowering time of April and
 
The time of brain development is July. Also drought stress from mid-May to
 
Mid-June has a great effect on increasing early and cracked pistachios.
 
Regarding the effects of irrigation on early laughter in pistachio fruits and contamination
 
Various studies have been conducted related to it. Including survey results
 
Performed on the relationship between the effects of drought stress and early laughter during the season
 
The fruit development of pistachio trees indicates incomplete irrigation at the beginning of the season
 
Spring increases early laughter in pistachio fruits. As the distance increases
 
Irrigation from 25 days to 45 days, average percentage of early smiling pistachios, cracked
 
Irregular and hollow increased by 20.03%, 2.91% and 4.37%, respectively
 
Finds. As for the traits of superficial and smiling skin dryness, between
 
Irrigation cycle treatments did not differ significantly. Water cut from mid-May to
 
Mid-June caused a significant double increase in familiarity with operations
 
Planting and holding with pistachios with the amount of early smiling pistachios compared to the control treatment
 
Regular irrigation. Maximum rate of early laughter related to treatments in
 
In mid-June, they suffered from drought stress for 25 and 45 days, at a rate of 7.7
 
Percent and 9.6 percent. Whenever watering is cut off to the final stages of the growing season
 
Be close, the rate of early laughter is somewhat reduced. About pistachios
 
Irregular cracking, no definite trend reported but lack of irrigation in July
 
Increases the percentage of these pistachios.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Advantages of using sulfur fertilizer-trace elements

علی سلطانی چهارشنبه ۱۳ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۰:۰۴ ۱۸ بازديد
Plants need more sulfur than phosphorus. Sulfur pistachio shell concentration inside the plant
 
It is much more familiar with the practice of cutting and holding pistachios than phosphorus
 
That sulfur plays a role in plant protein formation as much as nitrogen. Most soils
 
The country's agriculture is calcareous and irrigation water is also high in bicarbonate. one of
 
Methods to improve nutritional management in calcareous soils with high bicarbonate irrigation water,
 
Use sulfuric acid. Because the consumption of this acid in farms and gardens
 
The fruit of the country is associated with many problems, including burns, so with
 
With the help of Thiobacillus bacteria, sulfur is converted to sulfate. Because bacteria
 
Thiobacilli have the ability to convert sulfur to sulfuric acid
 
To convert. By topical application of this fertilizer, chalk fertilizer, tape and… acid are produced
 
Phosphorus release from existing phosphate soil. Thus reducing the pH of the soil
 
In the root zone of fruit trees, increases the ability to absorb phosphorus
 
Soil phosphate and other micronutrients present in the soil for the plant
 
To be. In addition, elemental sulfur S can not be used for plants, but bacteria
 
Thiobacillus can be used by oxidizing sulfur and converting it to so4 sulfate
 
They provide an element of sulfur. Topical decrease of soil pH can be
 
Help lower the pH of sap within the vessels of trees and this will increase
 
Ability to use important nutrients such as phosphorus, iron, zinc and… for trees
 
Turns. As a result, in addition to increasing performance, quality improvement is also provided.
 
According to the recommendations of experts and researchers in plant nutrition, the amount of 1 to 2 kg of sulfur
 
For each fertile tree by sowing or strip method every two years
 
Recommended. Of course, this fertilizer must be accompanied by a sufficient amount of Thiobacillus bacteria
 
To be used.
 
5- Low consumption elements
 
Among the trace elements, zinc, boron, manganese and iron are important in pistachio nutrition
 
Have more. Based on the results of soil decomposition in most pistachio-growing areas
 
Province and country, more than 95% of pistachio orchards, highly absorbable zinc
 
Low and deficient in zn, familiarity with the practice of cutting and having with pistachio
 
The symptoms are in the form of baldness and petiole of rosette, especially in
 
Seen early in the growing season. Foliar application with zinc sulfate 5 per thousand before
 
Greening of the tree or 5 per thousand in May or foliar spraying with soluble fertilizers
 
With high zinc content or foliar application with complete micro-mineral fertilizer in May
 
Recommended for zinc supply. Decomposition of soil and leaves in pistachios indicates
 
Adequacy but also the extent of boron poisoning in pistachio orchards with saline soil and water,
 
is. But in areas that do not have saline soil and water, due to the high need for trees
 
When the fruit is formed, spray the boron before the flowers open in late March
 
It is essential. Another important element in the nutrition of pistachios is molybdenum. Molybdenum element
 
In the stage of bud swelling and flower flowering in pistachio trees is very important.
 
As we know one of the forms of nitrogen in the post-harvest stage and
 
The swelling of the buds has been emphasized a lot, it is the nitrate form of nitrogen
 
The advantage of nitrate compounds is that they can be stored in cell vacuoles
 
Be. It is here that the element molybdenum causes the decomposition of nitrate compounds and
 
Provides them to other organs and organs rather than to interactions
 
Cellular and assist in sensitive processes such as flowering.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Advantages of using sulfur fertilizer-trace elements

علی سلطانی سه شنبه ۱۲ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۰:۱۶ ۱۸ بازديد
Plants need more sulfur than phosphorus. Sulfur pistachio shell concentration inside the plant
 
It is much more familiar with the practice of cutting and holding pistachios than phosphorus
 
That sulfur plays a role in plant protein formation as much as nitrogen. Most soils
 
The country's agriculture is calcareous and irrigation water is also high in bicarbonate. one of
 
Methods to improve nutritional management in calcareous soils with high bicarbonate irrigation water,
 
Use sulfuric acid. Because the consumption of this acid in farms and gardens
 
The fruit of the country is associated with many problems, including burns, so with
 
With the help of Thiobacillus bacteria, sulfur is converted to sulfate. Because bacteria
 
Thiobacilli have the ability to convert sulfur to sulfuric acid
 
To convert. By topical application of this fertilizer, chalk fertilizer, tape and… acid are produced
 
Phosphorus release from existing phosphate soil. Thus reducing the pH of the soil
 
In the root zone of fruit trees, increases the ability to absorb phosphorus
 
Soil phosphate and other micronutrients present in the soil for the plant
 
To be. In addition, elemental sulfur S can not be used for plants, but bacteria
 
Thiobacillus can be used by oxidizing sulfur and converting it to so4 sulfate
 
They provide an element of sulfur. Topical decrease of soil pH can be
 
Help lower the pH of sap within the vessels of trees and this will increase
 
Ability to use important nutrients such as phosphorus, iron, zinc and… for trees
 
Turns. As a result, in addition to increasing performance, quality improvement is also provided.
 
According to the recommendations of experts and researchers in plant nutrition, the amount of 1 to 2 kg of sulfur
 
For each fertile tree by sowing or strip method every two years
 
Recommended. Of course, this fertilizer must be accompanied by a sufficient amount of Thiobacillus bacteria
 
To be used.
 
5- Low consumption elements
 
Among the trace elements, zinc, boron, manganese and iron are important in pistachio nutrition
 
Have more. Based on the results of soil decomposition in most pistachio-growing areas
 
Province and country, more than 95% of pistachio orchards, highly absorbable zinc
 
Low and deficient in zn, familiarity with the practice of cutting and having with pistachio
 
The symptoms are in the form of baldness and petiole of rosette, especially in
 
Seen early in the growing season. Foliar application with zinc sulfate 5 per thousand before
 
Greening of the tree or 5 per thousand in May or foliar spraying with soluble fertilizers
 
With high zinc content or foliar application with complete micro-mineral fertilizer in May
 
Recommended for zinc supply. Decomposition of soil and leaves in pistachios indicates
 
Adequacy but also the extent of boron poisoning in pistachio orchards with saline soil and water,
 
is. But in areas that do not have saline soil and water, due to the high need for trees
 
When the fruit is formed, spray the boron before the flowers open in late March
 
It is essential. Another important element in the nutrition of pistachios is molybdenum. Molybdenum element
 
In the stage of bud swelling and flower flowering in pistachio trees is very important.
 
As we know one of the forms of nitrogen in the post-harvest stage and
 
The swelling of the buds has been emphasized a lot, it is the nitrate form of nitrogen
 
The advantage of nitrate compounds is that they can be stored in cell vacuoles
 
Be. It is here that the element molybdenum causes the decomposition of nitrate compounds and
 
Provides them to other organs and organs rather than to interactions
 
Cellular and assist in sensitive processes such as flowering.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

How to improve saline and alkaline soils in pistachio orchards

علی سلطانی دوشنبه ۱۱ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۰:۱۹ ۲۰ بازديد
To improve saline and alkaline soils should be soluble pistachio shell salinity and alkalinity (sodium) of
 
The maximum range of root activity and the upper soil horizons are washed away. Use only
 
Fresh water is not recommended to improve alkaline saline soils. If used
 
Only fresh water leads to alkalinity of the soil, because by leaching ions
 
Calcium and magnesium are washed away and sodium ions remain. The severity of the problem is up
 
It is so much that the farmer after one to two washes with fresh water of the building
 
It destroys its soil so much that it destroys trees. To
 
For this reason, it is recommended to use calcium sulfate modifier when rinsing
 
Juicy or agricultural gypsum should be given to the soil. Use of concentrated sulfuric acid
 
It also has a role similar to agricultural gypsum, with the difference that it responds faster than gypsum
 
Gives. As a precaution, leaf acid is preferred. سدیم و
 
Exchangeable magnesium adhering to the surface of soil particles is not washed away by water alone. Calcium
 
Resulting from gypsum dissolution and acid substituted sodium and magnesium performance
 
Calcium sulphate in gypsum with sodium and magnesium released by calcium, salt
 
Produces sodium sulfate solution which is easily combined with additional solution salts
 
Washed salinity and saline and alkaline soils become a neutral and balanced soil in terms of
 
It becomes salt and alkalinity.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Application of Peta wire fertilizers in pistachio orchards

علی سلطانی یکشنبه ۱۰ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۰:۴۳ ۴۱ بازديد
Potassium as one of the most consumed pistachio shell elements plays an important role in increasing performance
 
It has pistachio trees. Potassium should be consumed especially in the rainy years. Check
 
Have shown that pistachio trees have the highest elemental amount after nitrogen
 
Which is harvested annually from the soil is potassium. And the maximum amount of absorption
 
Potassium mainly occurs during the filling phase of the brain
 
In the following years, the absorbed potassium is consumed directly in the filling of the brain
 
They reach, but in the unfavorable years, the potassium absorbed from the roots is stored in other organs
 
Becomes. That is why the potassium concentration of the leaves in the year is lower than in the year
 
It is rewarding. Studies have shown that potassium uptake in fertile years over a full period
 
Brain growth is more than double the amount of potassium absorbed in infertile years. Fertilization
 
Suitable potassium for pistachio trees is the key to yield and increase yield in pistachio orchards
 
Is. Studies have shown that the highest amount of leaf potassium in August and September
 
It is observed every year at the same time as the seeds go to the brain or fill in the leaves.
 
Therefore, in this critical time period, the tree should not be deficient in potassium
 
Be. It is found that in pistachio trees the amount of potassium uptake from the soil is low
 
The most familiar with the practice of cutting and holding pistachios is its surface.
 
Potassium concentration in pistachio leaves in spring is below one percent. This concentration in
 
During the growth and development of the fruit is amazing, especially in July
 
September increases. Finally at the time of puberty and the end of the formation of skin and brain and
 
Completion of the growth period means approximately in September, the maximum absorption of potassium from the roots
 
We will have pistachios. Potassium concentration in leaves in October, ie the period after
 
Harvesting is suddenly reduced, so there is no need to apply potash fertilizer
 
Is not. Fertilization with potassium fertilizers increases the resistance of pistachio trees
 
To various stresses including salinity, drought and frost stress as well
 
Increase resistance to various pests and diseases. If potassium
 
Sufficient to provide the roots of trees with the number of spikes and seeds as well
 
The percentage of laughter and dry weight of seeds in pistachios will increase significantly.
 
Potassium deficiency is observed in most pistachio orchards and its main symptom
 
Burns the margins of the leaves. Another consequence of potassium deficiency is hypersensitivity
 
Sunburn and reduced degree of laughter of ripe fruits. Some shortcomings
 
Potassium is confused with salinity stress.
 
The difference between the two is that in salinity stress, necrosis of the leaf margins is present
 
does not have. Potassium can be obtained through sources of potassium fertilizers such as potassium sulfate
 
Chalkud face, solo potash for use in irrigation water and foliar spraying and
 
Potassium nitrate should be used as a foliar spray and irrigation water. Usually in
 
Pistachio orchards, about 80 to 100 due to the high need of trees in the closing stage
 
A kilogram of solo potash is consumed in 2 installments in irrigation water, at the same time
 
Now it is better in saline conditions of potassium nitrate fertilizer in 2 to 3 steps
 
Foliar application should be used in the closing stage of the brain with a concentration of 3 to 4 per thousand. Of course
 
The use of soloptas fertilizers and potassium nitrate depends on the storage of plant potash and
 
The use of potassium sulfate fertilizer in the form of chalk fertilizer. In textured soils
 
Heavy higher amounts of potash fertilizers due to higher uptake of potash in the layers
 
Soil is used.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Modification of calcium to magnesium ratio in favor of calcium in pistachio orchards

علی سلطانی شنبه ۰۹ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۰:۲۲ ۳۰ بازديد
The results of the analysis of about 1400 wells pistachio shell in the city of Rafsanjan
 
Shows that in most cases the ratio of calcium to magnesium is less than one.
 
However, the best ratio of calcium to magnesium is four to one.
 
Magnesium cation has a negative (antagonistic) interaction with calcium and potassium cations
 
. That is, if the amount of one of these elements in the soil solution increases, the absorption of two
 
The other element is reduced. In most pistachio orchards the ratio of calcium to magnesium in
 
The soil solution is so low that too much magnesium limits calcium absorption
 
Is. The occurrence of the complication of pistachio bone skin spot is probably related to this
 
Is the problem. The amount of calcium needed to form the bony shell of the fruit
 
Pistachios are much more than necessary for the growth of leaves and other organs of the plant,
 
Despite the fact that the parent substance of most of our soils is calcareous and the absolute amount of calcium in
 
Soil solution is sufficient and even higher than required, a lot of magnesium, places
 
Occupies calcium uptake on the root surface and prevents calcium uptake by
 
Is rooted.
 
Too much magnesium also directly affects the growth and development of the tree
 
Gives. To show the magnitude of the magnesium hazard in irrigation water from an indicator called
 
Magnesium hazard indicator is used. This index is obtained from the following relation:
Mg haz = Ca / Ca + Mg
 
In this regard . Mg haz magnesium risk index, Mg and Ca magnesium amount respectively
 
Calcium is in milliequivalents per liter of soil solution. If this
 
If the index is more than 50, the use of this water gradually some characteristics
 
Soil physics such as ventilation and permeability under operation familiarity and
 
Was adversely affected by pistachio extract.
 
The use of gypsum as an available source of calcium increases and corrects the ratio
 
Calcium is converted to magnesium. The problem is that the ratio of calcium to magnesium is disturbed in many
 
It can be seen from pistachio orchards.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Explanation and ways to fight pistachio chain (more juicy) Idiocerus Stali

علی سلطانی پنجشنبه ۰۷ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۰:۳۸ ۲۸ بازديد
This pest is known as sap and is present in pistachio-growing pistachio shell areas, but from
 
Not important pests of pistachio-growing areas. Nutrition of baby nymphs from
 
Fruits cause them to turn black and fall off. In addition to that stool accompanied by the pest
 
With plant secretions caused by nipple bites, it is seen as a viscous liquid.
 
a fight:
1- Strengthening trees
 
2- Regular watering
 
3- Proper pruning
 
4- Observing the planting intervals of trees
 
5- Winter water ice
 
6- Yellow sticky traps in early April
 
7- Spraying with Darton, Zolon and Endosulfan toxins with a concentration of 2 per 1000
 
Specific control of this pest is generally not recommended, but if
 
In some cases the pest is outbreak. Spraying should be done when the chain
 
Fail to spawn. For this purpose spraying should be done when the buds appear
 
Leaves and flowers. This time is about 15 to 20 days before the buds open
 
Leaves and the emergence of flowers. If the fight against insects is complete before
 
Do not flower, wait for the nymphs to appear and then proceed
 
He sprayed.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Harmful ages of pistachios (Pistacia Bugs) and how to fight them

علی سلطانی چهارشنبه ۰۶ بهمن ۰۰ | ۰۹:۵۵ ۲۸ بازديد
Overwintering in the form of complete pistachio shell insects under plant bushes and shelters
 
Is different. Full ages in mid-April from winter locations
 
Passed out and fed on newly grown hosts, especially pecans
 
They lay eggs. In case of unfavorable environmental conditions and drying
 
Wild hosts and rising populations flock to the pistachio orchards
 
First from weeds around and inside pistachio orchards and then from pistachio fruits
 
Feeds. The damage to the ages according to the stages of fruit growth is as follows.
 
A: From the stage of fruit formation to the hardening of bony skin
 
B: From the stage of hardening of the bony skin to the nucleation of fruits.
How to fight pistachio ages
 
1- Supporting natural enemies, especially bees, parasites of age eggs by reducing the frequency of spraying
 
2- Crop control: Avoid digging up and destroying wild hosts of ages
 
Mountainous areas and plains around pistachio orchards.
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Properties of white pistachio skin

علی سلطانی سه شنبه ۰۵ بهمن ۰۰ | ۱۰:۱۵ ۲۴ بازديد
Pistachio white skin has astringent properties and is pistachio shell very useful for hemorrhoids. Cause
 
Relieves pain and alleviates the disease. To treat this patient must have white skin
 
Boil pistachios in water and pour it into the pelvis and the person who has the disease
 
Is sitting in it for a few minutes.
 
Crude protein 11.20%
Crude fiber 15.28%
Crude fat 5.29%
Crude ash 10.13%
Nitrogen-free extract 52.16%
Calcium 1.08%
Phosphorus 0.11%
Magnesium 0.31%
Potassium 4.44%
Iron 660.68 ppm
Manganese ppm 23.6
Copper ppm 16.23
At 27.5 ppm
Crude energy Kcal / kg DM 4425. 45
برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

Pistachio breaking stage and how

علي سلطاني دوشنبه ۲۰ دی ۰۰ | ۱۰:۱۰ ۲۵ بازديد

The product of pistachio breaking pistachio shell stage in three groups of healthy brain, waste (cotyledon, broken and crushed) and
Unbroken pistachios (subterranean and small almond) are delivered to the owner of the goods.
In the breaking process to achieve uniformity of size in the pistachio input to the breaking machines,
The greater the number of sieve houses and consequently the grading of pistachios in terms of size, the more brain ulcers in the devices.
The breaker drastically reduces the price of the resulting brain. At the breaking stage, the allowable drop is approximately equal
Is a carat unit of the brain. If there is a high percentage of smiling pistachios in calc pistachios
Entering the pistachio breaking stage, the weight loss of this stage increases.
The allowable limit for the presence of waste from the operation of breaking the pistachio is usually 7 to 8%
is. In the case of outsourcing, breaking the pistachio for calculus must be done in some way
Ensure the trustworthiness of the contracting party's workshop in returning the same calc-delivered brain
Obtained. Because the broken bone skin belongs to the pistachio breaking workshop
Calc is the reward for breaking the pistachio under the influence of the value of the bony skin
Be. The غير مجاز مي باشدt of breaking each kilo of pistachios entering the breaking workshop at the prices of the year
1390 was about 150 tomans.

برچسب ها: pistachio shell,

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